Chemistry Reference Materials
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4STA
AR
STAAR CHEMISTRY
TM
REFERENCE MATERIALS
State of Texas
Assessments of
Academic Readiness
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
=
=
Speed of light
(frequency)(wavelength)
c
f λ
=
Energy
(Planck’s constant)(frequency)
=
E
hf
photon
(Planck’s constant)(speed of light)
hc
=
Energy
E
=
λ
photon
(wavelength)
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
(
)
sum of the partial pressures
=
Total pressure of a gas
P
P
P
P
. . .
=
+
+
+
of the component gases
T
1
2
3
=
(Pressure)(volume)
(moles)(ideal gas constant)(temperature)
PV
nRT
=
PV
P V
(Initial pressure)(initial volume)
(final pressure)(final
volume)
1 1
2 2
=
=
n T
n T
(Initial moles s )(initial temperature)
(final moles)(final temperature)
1 1
2 2
=
PV
P V
(Initial pressure)(initial volume)
(final pressure)(final volume)
=
1 1
2 2
(Initial volume)
(final vo
l l ume)
V
V
1
2
=
=
T
T
(Initial temperature)
(final temperature)
1
2
(Initial volume)
(final volume)
V
V
=
1
2
=
n
n
(Initial moles)
(final moles)
1
2
SOLUTIONS
moles of solute
mol
M =
Molarity
=
L
liter of solution
(
)(
)
hydrogen ion
hydroxide ion
+
−
=
K
=
[H ][OH ]
Ionization constant of water
concentration
concentration
w
(
)(
) (
)(
)
Volume of
molarity of
volume of
molarity of
V M
V M
=
=
solution 1
solution 1
solution 2
solution 2
1
1
2
2
−
=
+
pH
logarithm (hydrogen ion concentration)
pH
log[H ]
= −
THERMOCHEMISTRY
(
)(
)
specific
change in
=
Heat gained or lost
(mass)
Q
=
mc
∆
T
heat
temperature
p
(
) (
)
Enthalpy of
enthalpy
enthalpy
−
o
o
=
H
H
(products)
H
(reactants)
∆
=
∆
−
∆
reaction
of products
of reactants
f
f
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